Table 1 Cross-table, crude odds ratios, and adjusted odds ratios

Age (years)

 65–74

1.097 (0.707–1.701)

1.102 (0.670–1.813)

 75–84

0.874 (0.566–1.350)

0.824 (0.511–1.330)

 85+

Reference

Reference

Gender

 Male

1.951 (1.514–2.514)

1.932 (1.405–2.657)

 Female

Reference

Reference

Residential district

 Community general support center East

0.996 (0.669–1.483)

0.815 (0.522–1.272)

 Community general support center West

1.104 (0.710–1.717)

0.908 (0.561–1.472)

 Community general support center North

1.349 (0.843–2.159)

0.956 (0.563–1.623)

 Community general support center Central

0.982 (0.662–1.457)

0.803 (0.528–1.219)

 Community general support center Tama Center

0.813 (0.548–1.206)

0.864 (0.567–1.315)

 Community general support center South

Reference

Reference

Residence

 Detached house

Reference

Reference

 Housing complex of one story

0.740 (0.509–1.078)

0.777 (0.505–1.195)

 Housing complex of more than two stories without elevators

0.570 (0.428–0.759)

0.586 (0.415–0.826)

 Housing complex of more than two stories with elevators

0.517 (0.348–0.769)

0.547 (0.351–0.854)

Residence year

 ≥ 20 years

1.174 (0.896–1.538)

0.993 (0.743–1.326)

 < 20 years

Reference

Reference

Preference for continued living in the city

 Yes

1.492 (1.089–2.044)

1.438 (1.026–2.017)

 No or either way

Reference

Reference

Family type

 Living alone

0.568 (0.373–0.864)

1.028 (0.631–1.676)

 Living with only a spouse

1.280 (0.907–1.805)

1.519 (1.058–2.180)

 Living with relatives other than a spouse

0.890 (0.597–1.326)

1.403 (0.887–2.220)

 Living with a spouse and relatives

Reference

Reference

Health conditions

 Healthy

1.426 (1.047–1.940)

1.490 (1.031–2.153)

 Unhealthy

Reference

Reference

Certified need for long-term care

 None

Reference

Reference

 Requiring support

0.870 (0.509–1.486)

1.280 (0.688–2.381)

 Requiring long-term care

1.413 (0.763–2.616)

1.982 (0.950–4.133)

IADL

 Independent

Reference

Reference

 Decreased functioning

1.111 (0.807–1.528)

1.079 (0.720–1.616)

Contribution to community

 Yes

1.336 (1.038–1.718)

1.104 (0.822–1.481)

 No

Reference

Reference

Level of social activities (Continuous variable)

0.976 (0.955–0.997)

0.990 (0.961–1.020)

Affordability

 High

0.915 (0.687–1.218)

0.694 (0.499–0.964)

 Low

Reference

Reference

Communication with family

 Inadequate

0.785 (0.544–1.135)

0.900 (0.599–1.351)

 Adequate

Reference

Reference

Communication with friends

 Inadequate

0.845 (0.662–1.079)

0.850 (0.631–1.146)

 Adequate

Reference

Reference