Table 2 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants

Age (years)

56

(38 to 65)

55

(42 to 63)

0.94

Sex

0.39

Female

9

(31)

9

(43)

Male

20

(69)

12

(57)

Weight (kg)

71.8

(67.3 to 82.4)

74.1

(68.1 to 77.4)

0.84

Height (cm)

164.5

(156.5 to 168.3)

162.5

(154.5 to 168.1)

0.79

BMI (kg/m²)

27.6

(26.4 to 29.5)

27.6

(26.9 to 28.4)

0.78

Abdominal circumference (cm)

94.0

(91.8 to 98.0)

95.0

(92.0 to 97.5)

0.93

Blood pressure

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

130

(120 to 140)

132

(120 to 138)

0.85

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

82

(72 to 86)

78

(71 to 86)

0.88

Serum lipid profile

Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dl)

128

(101 to 147)

126

(103 to 148)

0.86

High-density lipoprotein (mg/dl)

56

(45 to 61)

53

(45 to 62)

0.85

Triglyceride (mg/dl)

117

(88 to 171)

109

(88 to 126)

0.52

Fasting blood sugar (mg/dl)

100

(95 to 109)

102

(95 to 117)

0.42

Hemoglobin A1c (%)

5.5

(5.2 to 5.9)

5.7

(5.3 to 6.2)

0.15

Regular medication

Antihypertensive drug

24

(82)

15

(71)

0.49

Lipid-lowering drug

9

(31)

7

(33)

0.86

Anti-diabetic drug

0

(0)

5

(24)

0.01

Medical history

Hypertension

25

(86)

17

(81)

0.71

Dyslipidemia

11

(38)

8

(38)

0.99

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

2

(7)

6

(29)

0.06

Metabolic syndrome criteria

Japanese criteria

15

(52)

6

(29)

0.10

NCEP-ATP III criteria

15

(52)

7

(33)

0.20

Educational background

0.48

Under high school

7

(24)

7

(33)

High school and above

22

(76)

14

(67)

Smoking

0.87

Non-smoker

24

(83)

17

(81)

Currently smoker

5

(17)

4

(19)

Alcohol drinking

0.53

Under once a week

14

(48)

12

(57)

Once a week or more

15

(52)

9

(43)

Weight self monitoring frequency^a

0.73

Under once a week

14

(48)

11

(52)

Once a week or more

14

(48)

9

(43)

Home blood pressure monitoring

0.19

Regularly

24

(83)

14

(67)

Not regularly

5

(17)

6

(33)