Table 1 Consultation content

First consultation after randomization

Explanations were given on the following:

Explanations were given on the following:

Ideal body weight (body mass index, 22 kg/m ² ) and weight reduction target of each participant (5 % body weight).

Ideal body weight (body mass index, 22 kg/m ² ) and weight reduction target of each participant (5 % body weight).

The positive effect of weight reduction for the participant’s present disease.

The positive effect of weight reduction for the participant’s present disease.

A physician measured the participant’s body weight and provided specific advice on weight reduction at every routine consultation.

Every subsequent routine consultation

Routine consultations were performed every 1 or 2 months for the participant’s present disease based on the guidelines for the disease.

Routine consultations were performed every 1 or 2 months for the participant’s present disease based on the guidelines for the disease.

Body weight was measured.

The physician questioned the patient on key lifestyle factors for weight reduction (i.e., eating, exercising, and weight monitoring)

The physician provided information on the following standard lifestyle changes for obese people:

Calorie intake (reduce calorie intake to 25 kcal/kg ideal body weight/day).

Eat a well-balanced diet (calorie balance: protein, 10-15 %; fat, 20-25 %, and carbohydrate, 60 %).

Exercise for 20-30 min at least three times per week.

The physician provided advice focusing on weight reduction adjusted to each participant’s circumstances and lifestyle.